SUB SY PEHLY PAKISTAN

List of companies of Pakistan

2010-05-16T11:18:00.000-07:00

Publicly Traded Companies

This is a list of Public companies that are traded on Pakistani stock exchanges. banu woolen

Engineering consultants

G3 Engineering Consultants Pvt Ltd^[1]
Nespak
National Water Engineering (Pvt) Ltd. (NWEPK)
Siemens Pakistan
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Thermo Tech Engineering
Space & Time Private Limited (Pakistan)
Weber Technologies Biocyte Pakistan L.E.D Products
WJ Associates
Power Plant Solutions
ENAR Petrotech Services

Fertilizer

Fashion

Food and personal care products

Clover Pakistan
Danpak Food Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
LU
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Murree Brewery
National Foods
Peek Freans
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Procter & Gamble
Qarshi Industries (Pvt.) Ltd
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Reckitt Benckiser Pakistan
National Foods
Shan Food Industries
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Shezan International
Six B Food Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. Pakistan
Unilever Pakistan
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd.
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Werrick Health Care (ABC Diaper)
Werrick Health Care (Ezigrip)
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com

Glass and UMT

This section requires expansion.

Insurance

Universal Insurance Co. Ltd.

Beema-Pakistan Company
Century Insurance Company
Eastern Federal Union
East West Insurance Company Limited
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
East West Life Assurance Company Limited
Habib Insurance Company Limited
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
New Jubilee Life Insurance Company Limited
Pak Qatar Family Takaful
Pak Qatar General Takaful
Premier Insurance Limited
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
State Life Insurance Corporation of Pakistan
Dawood Takaful

Investment Banks and Stockbrokers

Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
AKD Group
Dawood Capital Management
Elixir Securities Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited
First Dawood Investment Bank
Jahangir Siddiqui & Company
Jahangir Siddiqui Capital Markets
Jahangir Siddiqui Investment Bank
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
MM Securities Private Limited
PICIC Assets Management Company
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com

Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com

Leather Garments Manufacturing units and Tanneries

Media Monitoring And Research

Media Monitors Pakistan www.mediamonitors.com.pk ^[8]
Media Track Pakistan^[9]
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com

Oil and Gas exploration

Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Al-Mansoor E&P Company
BHP Billiton
British Petroleum
CNLC
Halliburton
Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration Co. (KUFPEC)
MAKCO
Sprint
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Mari Gas Company
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
MOL
New Horizone
Oil and Gas Development Company
OMV
Orient Petroleum International Inc (OPII)
Pakistan Oilfields
Pakistan Petroleum
PETRONAS
Schlumberger
Shell Pakistan Limited
Weatherford Drilling International (BVI) Ltd.

Oil and Gas marketing

Admore Gas (Pvt) Ltd
Al-Mansoor Group of Companies
Askar Oil
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Attock Petroleum
Bakri
Caltex
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Halliburton
Haroon Oils
National Geotechnical Services (NGTS)
Nationallube Oil
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Pakistan State Oil
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Shell Pakistan
Sui Northern Gas Pipelines
Sui Southern Gas Company
Total

Oil refineries

Attock Refinery Ltd
Indus Oil Refinery Ltd (not yet operational)
Khalifa Coastal Refinery (not yet operational)
National Refinery Ltd
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Pakistan Refinery Limited
PARCO Refinery
Trans Asia Refinery (not yet operational)
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com

Pharmaceuticals

Power generation and Power distribution

Sugar and Allied Industries

Synthetic fiber and Rayon

This section requires expansion.

Telecommunication and IT/Technology

Textile Composite

Textile Processing

Textile Spinning

Nishat Textile Mills
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com

Textile Weaving

Tobacco

Lakson Tobacco Company
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Pakistan Tobacco Company
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com

Transport

Vanaspati and Allied Industries

This section requires expansion.

Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com

Woollen

This section requires expansion.

Others

Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Ashraf Ali & Sons Services Provider & Gen.Contractor
Qarshi Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. Leading Brand Jam e Shirin & Joshanda
Shifa International Hospital
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com

Privately held companies

This is a list of major Pakistani companies that are privately held. This list is incomplete – a full list that included companies of all sizes would necessarily have to be very much larger.

Education

Fashion Labels (Brands)

Engineering Consultants

Engineering Associates
KP & Associates ^[11]
Mega Engineering International Link^[12]
Nisar Engineering Services
Thermo Tech Engineering
Weber Technologies Biocyte Pakistan (L.E.D Lighting Industry)
Zishan Engineers

Mineral Water Bottlers

Ava
Maizona (Pvt.) Ltd. www.maioznapl.com
Fontana
Kinley
Nestle
AquaFina
Well-O

Oil & Gas Services Companies

This section requires expansion.

Sprint Oil & Gas Services
ENAR Petrotech Services

Oil and Gas Solutions (Pvt) Ltd.

Marketing Agencies

Real Estate Sector

Software Consultants

Transportation

Daewoo
National Logistic Cell
Agility Logistics
Maersk Logistics
DHL

Miscellaneous

Renker^[19]

Major Pakistani Business Groups / Alliances

The Story of Pakistan in 30 Amazing Pictures

2010-05-13T11:42:00.000-07:00

Proud to b Pakistani

2010-05-13T11:38:00.000-07:00

Proud to be a Pakistani (Amazing Facts about Pakistan)

In the recent times due to rendezvous between political forces and media, an ugliest picture about my country has been portrayed in front of the world, a picture that holds no color or I am not wrong to say “It’s all black just black”. I’m the struggling to unveil the true picture that hold millions of colors, so bright and so shiny that can dazzle one’s eyes. If you are son of a soil, and you love your country as much as I do then you will help me fight against those who are painting your land as a black corner of this world. “Spread the truth as much as you can, fight for the right"

Pakistan meaning the “The land of pure” where each day the sun rises with a new hope, with an enduring majesty as the rays of light flushing down towards the snowcapped peaks of Himalaya’s and Nanga Parbat. A land where love finds a meaning in the heart warming hospitability of people, a land where history and ancient civilization mystifies one’s heart, a land where spiritualism unveils its mystery at the shrines of Sufi Saints. This is the land I belong to, this is the land I’ll die for and this is the land that defines my identity. The Invincible 167 Million : 6th largest Nation of the World.

World’s highest Polo ground at Shandur, Northern Pakistan.

Karakoram Highway : Eighth Wonder of the World

World’s Largest Deep Sea Port : Gwader

Khewra Mines : Second Largest Salt Mine in the World

Haleji Lake : Asia’s largest Bird Sanctuary

Thar Desert : One amongst the largest deserts in the World

The land of oldest Civilization : Indus Valley and Mohenjo-Daro

Pakistan: World's 9th Largest English Speaking Country

Pakistan: World 7th largest Pool of Scientists and Engineer

Pakistan: 7th largest Standing Arm Force in the World

Air force :Air Commodore MM ALAM has a world record of shooting down 5 Indian planes in less than a Minute

Pakistan : The Roof Top of the World

Pakistan the land of grand mountain ranges, a land that holds 4 out of 14 most highest peaks in the world. K2 the second highest mountain in the world with all it’s grandeur symbolizing the pride and strength of the people of Pakistan.

Pakistan: K2 the 2nd highest mountain peak in the World

Pakistan: Nanga Parbat 9th Highest Peak in the World

Hunza is said to be a place ” Where Time Stops and Fairy Treads“, Kalash and Chitral are the natural wonders of the world where poetic verses find their inspirations from the beauty and elegance of high peak mountains, lush green fields and the fragrant breeze singing across the poplar trees. Some of the places which are not highlighted by the media but still due to their magnitude find their places on the World record books are ;
Aisa’s Highest Railway Station Kan Mehtarzai [2] that is located 2240 meters above sea level near Quetta.

Pakistan: Lalazar often termed as most beautiful place on earth

PAK CHINA RELATIONS

2009-10-27T10:43:00.000-07:00

PAKISTAN-CHINA ECONOMIC RELATIONS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLANGES

Fazal-ur-Rahman*

Year 2006 marks the completion of 55 years of cordial and smooth relations between Pakistan and China. Over all these years, the two countries have been able to evolve exemplary cooperative relationship at multiple levels, especially in the political, defence and diplomatic arena. However, Pakistan and China have not been able to make substantial progress in their economic relations until recently.

At the dawn of 21st century, both the countries realised the missing economic dimension in their evolving strategic relationship. The two countries acknowledged the fact that in order to sustain a comprehensive cooperative relationship, substantive economic cooperation, matching with the level of political and strategic cooperation, was absolutely necessary. Economic cooperation would not only consolidate the comprehensive bilateral relations but also help in achieving common aspirations for development, peace and stability in the region. In the last few years, the two governments have convened a number of high-level conferences/forums, inaugurated by their respective leadership in Pakistan and China, to promote economic cooperation thereby exhibiting interest, resolve and patronage to the private sector business community of the two countries. Pakistan and China now have created a clear and shared vision of the direction of their economic relations. Clarity in the direction has been achieved due to the frequent exchange of ideas at the high-level consultations between the leadership of the two countries. However, the results of evolving economic cooperation would only be realised after the successful implementation of the agreements reached at various levels on trade and investment.

Recent Developments in Pak-China Economic Relations

Since President Musharraf assumed power in October 1999, the economic dimension in Pakistan-China relations has come to the forefront. As a result of his emphasis on economic cooperation during his China visit in January 2000, economic relations slowly began to show signs of improvement, in terms of trade and investments, in the following years. The Chinese side also positively reciprocated in enhancing economic activity between the two countries.

However, amongst other reasons, one of the reasons for improvement in trade and investment from China is the Chinese government’s persuasion of its state-controlled enterprises to import Pakistani products in order to improve the trade balance and make more project specific investments. The private sectors’ engagement, which would be the main engine for growth in bilateral economic relations in the future, still is at a low level.

Traditionally, throughout in its trade relations with China, Pakistan has had a chronic trade deficit. It is primarily because China is competing in almost all the major sectors of Pakistan’s potential export areas, which ironically happened to be very limited. Secondly, Pakistani business community remained contented with their established export destinations i.e., US and the Western Europe, and hardly made serious efforts either to diversify the export base or to explore other areas and regions for enhancing the volume of their exports. This mental fixation with the Western markets and non-innovative export approach has constantly been undermining country’s export potential.

The then Chinese Prime Minister, Zhu Rongji, during his visit to Pakistan in May 2001, urged the two sides to “boost cooperation in agriculture, infrastructure, information technology and other fields under the principle of reciprocity and mutual benefit for achieving common prosperity.”¹ President Musharraf endorsed his views by suggesting, “this strong relationship needs to be further cemented in the future through economic and commercial bonds.”²

As a result, during the visit of Zhu Rongji, on May 12, Pakistan and China signed six Agreements and one Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). At that time, Chinese financial assistance for agreed projects was estimated to be worth over one billion dollars. This signing of agreements can be termed as the first round of some substantive initiative for expanding economic cooperation. The agreements signed included; Economic and Technical Cooperation, Tourism Cooperation, Lease Agreement on Saindak Copper-Gold Project, Supply of Locomotives to Pakistan Railways, Supply of Passenger Coaches to Pakistan Railways, White Oil Pipeline and MoU between China’s ZTE and Pakistan Telecommunications Co. Ltd. Under the Agreement on Economic and Technical Cooperation, the Chinese Government agreed to provide a grant of 50 million Yuan for the promotion of economic and technical cooperation between the two countries.

Under the Lease Agreement on Saindak Copper-Gold Project, the Metallurgical Construction Corporation of China (MCC) was given a ten-year lease to mine and process copper and gold ores at Saindak. Under another agreement for Supply of locomotives to Pakistan Railways, the Chinese firm, Dongfang Electric Corporation, was to provide 69 locomotives to Pakistan Railways under a supplier’s credit. China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CMC) were to supply 175 passenger coaches to the Pakistan Railways under a supplier’s credit.

Agreement on the White Oil Pipeline was signed between the Pak-Arab Pipeline Company and the China Petroleum Engineering Construction Corporation (CPECC), the latter was to supply equipment and materials for the construction of a pipeline to transfer petroleum products from Karachi to Mahmood Kot.

Under the MoU between ZTE and Pakistan Telecommunications Co. Ltd., the Chinese company ZTE will provide financing of US $ 100 million for the manufacture and installation of digitally-switched lines to the PTCL.³

In addition to these agreements, the most important aspect of increasing economic cooperation was that Zhu Rongji reiterated his support for the Gwader deep seaport and the Mekran coastal highway projects. He said, “These projects are very important for the development of Pakistan. We will fully support these projects and provide help in this regard.” Gwader port, overlooking the Straits of Hormuz, is strategically located with open sea-lanes to all directions.

Almost a year later, on March 22, 2002, General Musharraf and the Chinese Vice Premier, Wu Bang Guo, attended the ground-breaking ceremony of the Gwader sea-port. The phase one of Gwader port has been successfully completed in April 2005, and work on the second phase is under progress.

In the following years there has been a regular exchange of high-level visits between the two countries and each visit added new dimensions and areas for economic cooperation. For example, President Musharraf’s visit in November 2003, resulted in signing of a “Joint Declaration on Direction of Bilateral Relations.” It was in fact a road-map determining the direction and scope of overall Pak-China bilateral relations in the future. It clearly laid more emphasis on expanding economic cooperation, while maintaining to continue cooperation in other areas and institutionalising mechanisms for consolidation of all-round relationship.

In December 2004, during Prime Minister, Shaukat Aziz’s visit to China, the two countries signed seven agreements in trade, communication and energy sector and drew up a framework for greater cooperation. These agreements envisaged increase in bilateral trade, further movement on preferential trade agreement, setting up of joint agro-based industries and increased Chinese investment in Pakistan. Pakistan announced Free Market Economy (FME) status for China. Also, China committed to provide $150 million for Chashma nuclear power plant (phase II). It was part of the preferential buyers’ credit of $500 million to be provided by Chinese government for investment through Chinese companies. In the high level official meetings, both sides expressed keen desire for further expanding bilateral cooperation in all directions. One of the core objectives of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz’s visit was to persuade Chinese side to export capital to Pakistan apart from goods. He was of the opinion that Pakistan has given a new direction to its relations with China by laying greater focus on economic interaction and going for a win-win situation.⁴ China’s investment in Pakistan at present stands at US$4 billion plus, and at least 114 Chinese projects are underway.⁵ The Chinese side also agreed that the Joint Economic Commission should review soon, Pakistan’s proposal to set up a Pakistan-China Joint Investment Company and establishment of a Joint Infrastructure Development Fund for investment in Pakistan. During the visit, Prime Minister Aziz also laid the foundation stone of much awaited Pakistan consulate in Shanghai – the financial capital of China.

The Chinese Prime Minister, Wen Jiabao’s April 2005 visit was considered a landmark visit in which the two sides signed 21 agreements and MoUs on cooperation in economic, defence, energy, infrastructure, social sector, health, education, higher education, housing and other areas. The two sides also signed a “Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighbourly Relations.” Under the agreement on “Early Harvest Programme” (EHP), which has became operational since January 1, 2006, China has brought to zero all tariff on 767 items. This was the first step towards establishing a free trade area between the two countries. It is envisaged that by year 2008, Pakistan and China would be able to implement FTA, covering 90 percent of the commodities. The remaining 10 percent would remain on the sensitive list of commodities.

As a result of the concerted efforts and determination to enhance economic cooperation, when President Musharraf visited Beijing in February 2006, the trade between the two countries had been registering a constant growth; from US$ 1.4 billion in 2001, to US$ 3 billion in 2004, US$ 4.25 in 2005, and the estimated trade volume in 2006 is at US$ 5 billion.⁶ President Musharraf, while highlighting the objective of his visit said, “His visit was aimed at raising the level of economic cooperation between the two countries to make it compatible with the excellent diplomatic and political relations.”⁷ Although the current trade balance is still heavily in favour of China, the opportunities for Pakistani exports to China are growing. According to the Chinese Custom Authority, “Pakistan's export to China showed an upward trend, registering an increase of about 39.2 percent in 2005. The export was amounted to $832 million from January to December 2005. Whereas, it was at $594 million in the same period during the previous year (January-December. 2004). Therefore, the increase in Pakistan's export to China in a period of one year was amounted to about $ 238 million.”⁸ It is expected that if Pakistan’s economy continue to achieve the current growth rate the bilateral trade would reach at around US$ 8 billion by 2008.⁹ During President Musharraf’s visit the two sides inked 13 agreements and one MoU, aiming at boosting bilateral economic cooperation while covering a wide range of issues, including trade and economic cooperation as well as cooperation on energy, transportation, agriculture, health, population, seismology and meteorology.¹⁰ He also revealed that a feasibility study is being conducted to make Pakistan China’s “trade and energy corridor”. Pakistan provides the shortest possible route from Gwader through Karakorum Highway to the Western regions of China, which are undergoing a huge economic transformation. This route is secure, short and can serve as an alternate to the sea route that passes through Straits of Malacca. Up gradation of the economic cooperation has become an integral part of the overall Pakistan-China strategic cooperation.

The institutionalization of economic relations through the above-mentioned landmark visits have laid the foundation and set the direction of Pakistan-China cooperative relationship. Both the sides are determined to work hard for nurturing this relationship and translating the goodwill that exist between the people of the two countries for each other into a mutually beneficial win-win situation.

Analysing Pak-China Economic Relations

Pakistan-China economic relations at present can be termed as evolving and getting stronger day by day. Bilateral trade is surging, investment is increasing, and the number of development projects and joint ventures is also increasing. In the past, China has made valuable contribution to Pakistan’s economic development, particularly, in the development of infrastructure and setting up of basic industries. Presently, Pakistan and China are cooperating closely in the development of Gwadar Port, which would help economic activity in Pakistan and provide important access route to the sea for China’s Western regions, Afghanistan and Central Asian states. A large number of important projects such as the up gradation of Karakoram Highway, Thar Coal Mining, up-gradation of Pakistan Railways and Power Generation Projects – both nuclear and non-nuclear – are some of the examples of this expanding economic cooperation. Chinese support for Pakistan in economic sphere is being considered as “integral to Pakistan’s development.”¹¹ Trends in economic cooperation between China and Pakistan can be gauged from the incremental increase in activities in areas such as, trade, investments and development projects.

Pakistan-China Trade Relations

Since the early 1950, Pakistan and China have entered in trade relations, however, a formal Trade Agreement was signed in January 1963. Later, in October 1982, the two countries established Pakistan-China Joint Committee on Economy, Trade and Technology. Trade between China and Pakistan had generally been conducted under 1963 Trade Agreement, according to which, both countries had granted MFN status to each other. Pakistan had, at that time, multi-modal trade with China i.e. barter trade and cash trade, however, at present, trade with China is conducted almost entirely on cash basis in convertible currency. There has been an incremental growth in Pak-China trade in the last few years. The table given below shows the volume of bilateral trade between China (excluding Hong Kong) and Pakistan between 1999-2006.

(Value in million US$)

YEAR EXPORTS IMPORTS TOTAL BALANCE

1999-2000 180.326 471.527 651.853 (-)291.201

2000-2001 303.548 524.138 827.686 (-)220.59

2001-2002 228.631 575.219 803.85 (-)346.588

2002-03 244.591 839.056 1083.64 (-)594.465

2003-04 288.259 1153.470 1441.729 (-) 865.211

2004-05 354.092 1842.775 2196.867 (-) 1488.683

2005-06(July-Dec) 223.767 1331.331 1555.098 (-) 1107.564

Source; Ministry of Commerce, Government of Pakistan

Although the two-way trade has increased but, the volume of trade is still low. Traditionally, the trade balance has always been titled in favour of China, except for a short while in 1952, owing to China’s involvement in the Korean War. ¹² For decades China’s constant increase in exports to Pakistan resulted in a persistent and growing trade imbalance. The main items of Pakistan’s imports from China are machinery and parts, iron and steel manufactures, sugar, chemical materials, chemical elements and medical and pharmaceutical products. The main items of Pakistan’s exports to China are cotton fabrics, cotton yarn, petroleum and its products, fish and its preparations, leather, fruits and vegetables. Unfortunately, mix of Pakistan’s products exported to China is very narrow. Almost around 80% of its exports consist of cotton yarn and fabric.

Pakistan’s exports to China lack diversity and both the countries are competitors in the textile sector. Diversification of exports from Pakistan in the non-traditional items will lead to minimising the trade imbalance. Another important factor of our trade deficit with China is growing exports of Chinese products to Pakistan. Since these are more economical, businessmen are inclined to buy more from China. Pakistan therefore, should be looking at China not simply as an export market but as a primary source for import of capital goods and industrial raw material.

The two countries signed a Preferential Trade Arrangement (PTA) in November 2003, which is operational since January 1, 2004. Pakistan and China instituted a Joint Study Group to negotiate a Free Trade Agreement between the two countries and have simultaneously negotiated an Early Harvest Programme (EHP), which has become operational from January 1, 2006.¹³

According to Pakistan’s Ministry of Commerce, Pakistan has given market access on 118 tariff lines of organic chemicals and 268 tariff lines of machinery – 386 tariff lines in total. Except 30 tariff lines; 13 relating to organic chemicals and 17 relating to machinery. All the other tariff lines have MFN rate of 5 percent. As per the agreed timeframe of elimination of tariff Pakistan is required to reduce tariff only on 30 tariff lines since January 1, 2006. The tariff on the reset of the tariff lines i.e. 356 tariff lines has been reduced to zero on January 1, 2007 i.e. no immediate revenue implications. Similarly, China has brought to zero all tariffs on 767 items.¹⁴

Tariff Reduction Schedule

Existing Tariff Not later than Not later than Not later than

1 January 2006 1 January 2007 1 January 2008

16% and above 10% 5% 0%

5-10% 5% 0% 0%

Less than 5% 0% 0% 0%

Source: Ministry of Commerce, Government of Pakistan

Pakistan-China Investment Relations

Pakistan and China signed on February 12, 1989, a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) that encourages promotion of bilateral investment both in China and Pakistan; covers all kinds of investments; protects investors and investments of both the countries against discrimination and expropriation; seeks fair and equitable treatment; and provides dispute resolution mechanism.

The overall Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into Pakistan has risen by over 600 percent in the last five years.¹⁵ However, the Chinese share in the overall FDI is still very low. Pakistan has been able to introduce and implement investor friendly policies as a result of which FDI has increased. Pakistan’s investment policy is very liberal which offers all economic sectors for FDI. It provides equal treatment to local and foreign investors and allows 100 percent equity to foreign investors with no government sanction required. Full remittance of profits, capital, dividends royalty, technical and franchise fee is allowed. Complete legal cover is provided through Foreign Private Investment (Promotion & Protection) Act 1976, Protection of Economic Reforms Act 1992, and Foreign Currency Accounts (Protection) Ordinance 2001.¹⁶

Similarly, the Chinese government encourages foreign investment in the Chinese market, and has continuously liberalised and expanded the fields for investment. In recent years, China has liberalised further the restrictions imposed on the proportion of foreign equity in investment projects and opened new sectors to foreign investment. The newly–opened sectors include, telecommunications, urban water supply and drainage, construction and operation of gas and heat distribution network, which all were previously prohibited from any foreign investment. China has also opened further such service sectors as banking, insurance, distribution, trading right, tourism, telecommunications, transportation, accounting, auditing and legal services. Also, there are a number of laws protecting the interests of foreign investments.¹⁷

In recent years, China and Pakistan have witnessed steady growth in mutual investments, however, the scale of investments is still small. According to the Board of Investment’s statistics, out of the total FDI of 1524 million dollar, that came in Pakistan during July 2004-June 2005, the Chinese share was only US$ 443,763.

By 2004, the Chinese enterprises approved or recorded by the Ministry of Commerce in Pakistan totaled 34, with Chinese contractual investment of 104.11 million USD. In 2005, the number of registered Chinese companies in Pakistan reportedly grew more than fifty. At present, China’s investment in Pakistan (public& private) mainly covers the areas such as: Gwader port construction, exploration of coal and other resources, nuclear power stations, hydroelectric power stations, ship-building, machinery, infrastructure, construction agriculture and manufacturing. Pakistan has invested in 96 projects in China, with a contractual value of US$ 71.48 million, and an actual investment of US$ 17 million. ¹⁸ Details of the investments made by the Pakistan side in China are not available.

Mutual investment between China and Pakistan

Pakistan’s investment

in China (10,000 USD) 2003 2004 By 2004

Number of projects 19 21 96

Contractual value 1949 3210 7148

Actual investment 343 454 1700

China’s investment

in Pakistan (10,000 USD) 2003 2004 By 2004

Number of projects 4 3 34

Contractual value 930 7344 10411

Source: Chinese Feasibility Study on Free Trade Agreement (March 15, 2005)

Sector-wise Chinese investment for the period July 2004-June 2005 in US $

Sectors FDI from China

1. Metal Products 5,214

2. Transport Equipment (Motorcycles & automobiles) 151,068

3. Construction 189,000

4. Communications 22,287

5. Others 76,194

TOTAL 443,763

Source: Pakistan Board of Investment, http://www.pakboi.gov.pk/FDI/scw4-5.html

While, the Chinese public sector corporations are undertaking the mega projects in Pakistan, the private sector is also engaged in medium and small-scale projects, especially in the manufacturing and construction sectors. Some of the major Chinese companies, which are operating in Pakistan such as Heirs, ZTE, Howai Technologies, China National Petroleum Corporation, China State Construction Engineering Corporation, Dong Fang Electric Corporation, CMEs, China Ocean Shipping Corporation and Air China, are making good profits. The success of existing initiatives by the Chinese private sector companies in Pakistan would encourage and increase the investment from the Chinese private sector. On February 21, 2006, at Pakistan-China Investment Forum, Chinese and Pakistani private sector companies signed ¹⁹ agreements and MoUs worth US$ 500 million to undertake joint ventures in various sectors such as, real-estate development, Karachi mass transit communication network, chemical, fertilizer, automobile, and agro-based industry.19 These projects are to be implemented in the next four to five years’ time. Besides these areas of interest, an agreement between Habib Bank and City Bank of Urumqi for making investments in development projects, and an agreement between the National Bank of Pakistan and China Development Bank for joint financing of projects were also signed.²⁰

While, Pakistan seeks Chinese investment, the Chinese government encourages its public and private sector to actively take part in the projects based in Pakistan. “China’s public and private sector is undertaking over 250 projects in Pakistan from mega to small and from strategic to regular businesses. At present, over 60 Chinese companies have already established permanent offices in Pakistan.”²¹ The size of Chinese business in Pakistan is growing. In view of the political will that exists in both the countries for enhancing economic cooperation the process of expansion in bilateral economic cooperation has just begun. There is surely enormous potential for the growth of this relationship provided the process remains on track and certain enabling conditions for the future growth are successfully dealt with.

Opportunities and Challenges for Pakistan-China Economic Relations

Opportunities:

The overall geo-strategic environment for regional cooperation is gradually becoming more favourable. Pakistan’s entry into Shanghai Cooperation Organisation as an Observer and China’s entry into SAARC as an Observer would allow Pakistan-China bilateral economic relations to grow with a regional perspective. Also, there is a convergence of economic interests at the strategic level, especially in area of energy security and communication networks.
China has opened up its Western region adjacent to Pakistan for trade and investment in order to reduce the economic disparity between its developed coastal regions and other underdeveloped areas. Once developed, this region would be a hub for economic activity between China, Central Asia and South Asia. Pakistan’s desire to become a “corridor of trade and energy” for China and Central Asia by linking Gwadar through upgraded-KKH with these areas entails promising prospects.
Pakistan’s economy has been maintaining a high growth rate in the last five years, and it is hoped that it would continue to maintain a high growth rate in the coming years. The growth in manufacturing sector, increase in exports and FDI, as a result of stable macroeconomic environment shows good prospects for the investor’s interest in Pakistan. Pakistan welcomes the Chinese investors from the private sector to come forward and invest in Pakistan. The possibilities of export related Joint ventures are expanding.
China as part of its domestic reform process is aiming at raising the living standard of its rural population and increasing their purchasing power. The emerging Chinese domestic market offers huge potential for Pakistani exporters, especially in areas of agricultural, aquatic and leather products. According to the Chinese Feasibility Study on FTA, “The Pakistani commodities that have the greatest potential to be exported to China are tropical fruits. These fruits are widely planted in Pakistan, and China has already finished quarantine and inspection on Pakistani mangoes and citrus. After zero tariffs are levied, in North-west China, Pakistani fruits will enjoy certain advantages in both quality and price compared with the fruits grown in Southern China. Pakistan is also rich in fishery resources. With the adjustment of polices on fishery industry and the improvement of technology, the potential of Pakistan’s fishery industry will be unleashed. After the zero tariff policy is adopted, Pakistan will see a rise in its export to China.”
Similarly, the potential for Chinese business to investment in Pakistan are enormous. At present the sectors identified for investment from China, includes energy-related projects, telecommunications, infrastructural projects, automobiles, motorcycles, tractors, air conditioners, refrigerators, televisions, mining, food processing, agriculture and construction.
The implementation on the Early Harvest Programme (EHP) from January 2006 would facilitate growth in trade.

Challenges:

Security environment in Pakistan, especially in the two of its western provinces is deterrence for Chinese private sector investment. The three unfortunate incidents in which Chinese workers got killed have negatively impacted on the potential Chinese investors. Ensuring the security of foreign workers is a serious challenge.
China is fast integrating into the global economic system and its trade, investment and economic cooperation is now increasingly being directed by market forces rather than state planning as it used to be in the past. Corporations and industries are making their decisions simply on commercial viability and profitability of a particular project rather than directions or instructions from the Government. Engaging the Chinese private sector on long-term basis is important for sustainable economic relations.
Also, making Pakistani private sector more innovative and pro-active is essential to produce any tangible results without which we may even lose our current level of trade to more competitive and aggressive market forces. We do not see it happening in a big way. Although. the government in Pakistan is patronizing the private sector and the role of public sector is being curtailed to creating enabling environment for the private sector endeavours.
While the trade volume with China is on the increase, Pakistan’s exports does not show as sharp a rise as Pakistan’s imports from China. One major reason of increased imports from China is the supply of machinery and equipment for recent projects agreed between Pakistan and China like the Railways, Gwadar Port and Hydro Power Project etc. Moreover, a number of Chinese companies have won infrastructure project contracts in Pakistan through international bidding. All the machinery and equipment supplied by these companies for the projects comes from China. This trend has led to a phenomenal increase in China’s exports to Pakistan.
Pakistan’s exports are centred mainly on cotton yarn and cotton fabric. However, there is an increasing trend in the export of seafood and leather. This potential can only be realised by revamping the processing technologies and producing internationally acceptable quality.
While Pakistan’s most imports from China are value added, its more than 85 percent exports to China are raw materials, such as cotton yarn and fabric, chrome and copper ores. For example copper and gold from Saindak Copper-Gold Project is exported to China in semi-finished form and re-exported to Pakistan after adding value. We must add value to our exportable commodities in the country. It can be in the shape of joint ventures with the Chinese companies.
Given Pakistan’s narrow base for exportable commodities – more than 75 percent of our exports originate from four items, namely cotton, rice, leather and sports goods. A diversification in exportable commodities and a proactive export policy of Pakistan could enhance the volume of trade and also rectify to a degree the trade imbalance. It will not be possible for Pakistan to increase its exports to China without diversifying exportable commodities. Pakistan should seek Chinese investment for projects aimed at export diversification. Chinese investment should be geared more to export oriented projects and less for the domestic requirements.
Also Pakistan should seek Chinese investment in the manufacturing sector and not only the assembly activities. The Chinese companies involved in electronics, home appliances, automobile, motorcycles etc. are only the screwdriver assembly lines. Most of the parts are being imported from China and the companies enjoy a tax-break. Such activities neither create job-opportunities in the local market nor creates manufacturing base in the country. It is more beneficial for the Chinese companies than for the Pakistani economy.
Another challenge to sustain progressive economic relationship is to establish best trade practices. It has been reported that the machinery being imported from China is usually under-invoiced in order to evade taxes. Such practices can be curtailed with the joint efforts by the two countries.
Another challenge, for which both the countries have to work together, is the unregistered trade. There are huge quantities of a wide variety of items, which are being smuggled into Pakistan. Pakistani markets seemed to be flooded with such commodities.
Pakistan and China need to establish the best business practices. Here the case in point is the supply of locomotives to Pakistan Railways by Chinese firm Dongfang Electric Corporation, and passenger coaches by China Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CMC) under an agreement signed in 2001. The engines were found faulty and sub-standard; the coaches were supplied at a higher price than offered by the same company recently. The media highlighted this. Such kind of dealings creates negative impact on the bilateral relations as well.
Slow implementation on the agreements signed between the two governments does not reflect positively. Timely implementation on the decisions is a major challenge for, first building, and than sustaining momentum of the progressive economic cooperation.

All the challenges to Pakistan-China economic relations can effectively be turned into opportunities through comprehensive medium and long-term collaborative joint efforts. The things are moving in the right direction. The first session of “Pakistan and China Joint Study for Economic and Trade Cooperation” was held on May 20, 2006. The two sides have agreed to complete the study within one year. Based on this study, to initiate concrete action plan for uplifting the economic relations would be possible. The future of Pak-China economic relations seems to be promising.

* Mr. Fazal-ur-Rahman is Director (East Asia), at the Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad. This is an updated version of the paper presented at the seminar on “55 years of Pakistan-China Relations,” organised by the Institute of Strategic Studies, on May 23, 2006.

Fazal-ur-Rahman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-strategic Environment”, Strategic Studies, vol. xxii, No. 2, Summer 2002.
Ibid.
www.forisb.org
The Nation, December 18, 2004.
Bahzad Alam Khan, ‘China, Pakistan to strengthen defence ties’, Dawn, December 17, 2004.
“New heights of Pak-China ties”, by Mehmood-ul-Hassan Khan, March 5, 2006, at www.usa.mediamonitors.net/continent/view/full/27754.
The News, February 23, 2006.
http://pk2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200602/20060201511502.html
Sweetness and light in Pakistan, by Federico Bordonaro, Asia Times, March 2, 2006, www.atime.com
www.mofa.cn
President Pervez Musharraf stated while speaking to the Chinese journalists that China was helping Pakistan with several development projects that were integral for the country’s progress. Daily Times, February 18, 2006.
During the Korean War, Pakistan not only abstained from voting on the UN resolution aimed at imposing an embargo on the export of certain goods to China and North Korea but also continued its trade relations with China. Pakistan at that time was looking for buyers of its raw jute and cotton and suppliers of coal. Pakistan’s exports to China in 1952, reached upto US$ 83.8 million and exports from China were only US$ 2.2 million. Following the ceasefire in Korean War, bilateral trade registered a sharp decline.
Under the EHP, Pakistan and China have given market access on 386 and 767 items respectively.
Ministry of Commerce, Government of Pakistan.
Presidents Musharraf’s address to Pak-China Business Forum, www.pesidentofpakista.gov.pk
www.pakboi.gov.pk.
Chinese Feasibility Study on Free Trade Agreement (March 15, 2005).
Chinese Feasibility Study on Free Trade Agreement (March 15, 2005)
The News, February 22, 2006.
Ibid.
New heights of Pakistan-China ties, by Mehmood-Ul-Hassan Khan, March 5, 2006, at http://usa.mediamonitors.net/content/view/full/227754.

Pakistan Foods

2009-10-27T10:20:00.000-07:00

Pakistani Main Dishes

Pakistani Vegetable Dishes

Pokara
Red Kidney Beans
Red Lentil Soup
Rice With Potatoes, Cilantro And Mint
Vegetables in a Yoghurt and Coconut Sauce

Pakistani Sauces

Pakistani Desserts

Introduction About Pakistan

2009-10-27T03:38:00.000-07:00

.1 Introduction

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan was founded in August 1947 as part of the separation of British India and the Eastern and Western sections of Pakistan. In 1971 Eastern Pakistan ceded to what is now the country of Bangladesh.

1.2 Geography

Pakistan has an area encompassing 796,096 square kilometers and is bordered by India on the east, China on the northeast, Afghanistan on the northwest while Iran shares its boarder in the southwest with the Arabian Sea bordering south.

Figure 2

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand

1.3 Socio-economic Profile

Demographics

Pakistan is a multi-cultural society where many ethnic groups are represented and speak a variety of languages. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan, however, both Urdu and English are used in official matters and business transactions. Various dialects are spoken throughout the country while educational classes are usually tri-lingual with the regional language, Urdu and English.

Islam is the national religion, however, there are other minority religions such as Christianity and Hinduism.

Population

The population as of the 1998 census was 132.35 million, as compared to 85.09 million recorded in the 1981 census. The average growth rate over the past 10 years has been approximately 2% per annum. According to the Pakistan Government's Statistics Division, the population as of the end of 2003 was estimated at 148.72 million. As indicated in Table 1, over 50% of the total population is less than 20 years old, while 52% are males and 48% are females.

Table 1

Population by Age 1998 Census(in thousands)
Age	Males	%	Females	%	Total	%
0 - 4	9,761	14.2	9,357	14.7	19,118	14.4
5 - 9	10,571	15.3	9,644	15.2	20,215	15.3
10 - 14	8,910	12.9	7,822	12.3	16,732	12.6
15 - 19	6,909	10.0	6,490	10.2	13,399	10.1
20 - 24	5,815	8.4	5,773	9.1	11,588	8.8
25 - 29	4,878	7.1	4,643	7.3	9,521	7.2
30 - 34	4,232	6.1	3,808	6.0	8,040	6.1
35 - 39	3,254	4.7	2,913	4.6	6,167	4.7
40 - 44	2,931	4.3	2,814	4.4	5,745	4.3
45 - 49	2,360	3.4	2,203	3.5	4,563	3.4
50 - 54	2,200	3.2	1,948	3.1	4,148	3.1
55 - 59	1,505	2.2	1,272	2.0	2,777	2.1
60 - 64	1,418	2.1	1,219	1.9	2,637	2.0
65 - 69	850	1.2	704	1.1	1,554	1.2
70 - 74	778	1.1	631	1.0	1,409	1.1
75+	849	1.2	714	1.1	1,563	1.2
FATA	1,652	2.4	1,524	2.4	3,176	2.4
Total	68,873	100.0	63,479	100.0	132,352	100.0

Gender Mixl		52.0		48.0

Note: FATA - Federally Administered Tribal Area
Source: Population Census Organization

The vast majority of the population lives in rural communities and villages, which, as indicated in Table 2, comprise over 67% of the total population..

Table 2

Population by Area 1998 Census (in thousands)
Area	Males	%	Females	%	Total	%
Urban	22,752	33.0	20,284	32.0	43,036	32.5
Rural	46,122	67.0	43,194	68.0	89,316	67.5
Total	68,874	100.0	63,478	100.0	132,352	100.0

Source: Population Census Organization

Labor Force

According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the labor force stood at 42.13 million people as of 30 June 2002. Unemployment was 3.2% of the labor force, or 3.29 million for the same period end.

Table 3

Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons By Major Occupational Groups 2001 - 2002
Occupational Groups	Employer	Employee	Self - Employed	Un-paid Family Helper	Total
Legislators, Senior Officials and Managers	0.5	1.1	8.1	1.9	11.6
Professionals	0.1	1.7	0.3	0.0	2.1
Technicians and Associate Professionals	0.0	4.0	0.6	0.1	4.8
Clerks	-	1.7	0.0	0.0	1.7
Service workers and Shop and Market Sales Workers	0.0	4.5	0.7	0.5	5.7
Skilled Agricultural Fishery Workers	0.0	0.3	20.3	14.1	34.7
Craft and Related Trade Workers	0.1	9.8	4.6	1.7	16.2
Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers	0.1	2.9	0.8	0.1	3.9
Elementary (unskilled) Occupations	-	14.0	3.1	2.3	19.4
Total	0.8	39.9	38.5	20.8	100.0

Source:Pakistan 2004 Statistical Pocket Book Labour Force Survey

Poverty Levels:

According to the National Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001 - 2011 prepared by the Government of Pakistan Planning Commission, there were approximately 47 million people that fell below the food poverty line defined as not able to incur the food expenditure needed to achieve the minimum required level of calorie intake as defined as 2,150 calories per day. Table 4 indicates the increase in the number of the population considered under the calorie intake poverty line from 26.9% of the population in 1986 to 28.7% in 2000.

Table 4

Poverty Under Calorie Based Approach
Year	Male	Female	Total
1986 - 1987	24.5	29.4	26.9
1987 - 1988	22.7	29.9	26.4
1990 - 1991	18	26.2	23.3
1999 - 2000	27.6	29.2	28.7

Source:Ten Year Perspective Development Plan 2001 - 2011

Table 5

Gross Domestic Product Current Factor Cost (in Millions) 2002 - 2003
Sectors	Rupees	US$	% of Total
Agriculture	864,828	14,480	23.3
Industrial	871,250	14,588	23.5
Services
• Transport, Storage and Communications	440,951	7,383	-
• Wholesale and Retail Trade	562,070	9,411	-
• Finance and Insurance	114,105	1,911	-
• Ownership of Dwellings	183,383	3,071	-
• Public Admin and Defense	316,967	5,307	-
• Community, Social and Personal Services	356,116	5,963	-
Total Services	1,973,592	33,045	53.2

Total GDP	3,709,670	62,114	100.0

Source:Pakistan 2004 Statistical Pocket Book Federal Bureau of Statistics Average Foreign Exchange rate for 2002 was 59.72:US1

Budget

Table 6

Expenditures met from Revenue Budget 2003 - 2004 (in Millions)
	Rupee	US$	%
Revenue Receipts	728,370	12,196	-
Non-Development Expenditures
• General Administration	58,596	981	8.3
• Defense	160,250	2,683	22.7
• Law and Order	12,334	207	1.8
• Community Services	8,571	144	1.2
• Education	9,645	161	1.4
• Health	2,795	47	0.4
• Social Security and Welfare	2,959	50	0.4
• Other Social Services	1,004	17	0.1
• Agriculture and Irrigation	1,261	21	0.2
• Rural Development	46	1	0.0
• Transport and Communication	2,248	38	0.3
• Other Economic Services	1,111	19	0.2
• Subsidies	64,517	1,080	9.2
• Debt Servicing Investable Funds / Grants	318,026	5,325	45.1
• Un-allocable	1,872	31	0.3
Development Expenditure	59,243	992	8.4
Total	704,478	11,796	100.0

Surplus	23,892	400	-

Source:Pakistan 2004 Statistical Pocket Book Federal Government Budget. Average Foreign Exchange for 2002 was 59.72:us

Imports

Table 7

Imports by Commodity 2002 - 2003 (in Millions)
Commodity	Rupee	In US$	% of Total
Mineral Fuels, and Related Material	184,204	3,084	25.8
Machinery and Transport	171,904	2,878	24.1
Chemicals	126,404	2,116	17.7
Manufactured Goods Classified by Material	71,772	1,202	10.0
Crude Materials (except fuels)	53,964	904	7.6
Animal or Vegetable Oils	40,654	681	5.7
Food and Live Animals	29,000	486	4.1
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles	21,380	358	3.0
Commodities and Transaction Not Classified	14,720	246	2.1
Beverages / Tobacco	368	6	0.1
Total	714,370	11,961	100.0

Note: Pakistan 2004 Statistical Pocket Book Federal Bureau of Statistics Average Foreign Exchange for 2002 was 59.72:US1

Exports

Table 8

Exports by Commodity 2002 - 2003 (In Millions)
Commodity	In Rupee	In US$	% of Total
Manufactured Goods Classified by Material	344,328	5,765	52.8
Miscellaneous Manufactured Articles	190,982	3,198	29.3
Food and Animals	68,638	1,149	10.5
Mineral Fuels and Related Material	14,547	244	2.2
Chemicals	15,247	255	2.3
Crude Materials (except Fuels)	11,845	198	1.8
Machinery and Transport Equipment	4,328	72	0.7
Animal Oils	1,450	24	0.2
Beverages / Tobacco	627	10	0.1
Commodities and Transactions Not Classified	302	5	0.0
Total	652,294	10,922	100.0

Source: Pakistan 2004 Statistical Pocket Book Federal Bureau of Statistics Average Foreign Exchange for 2002 was 59.72 : US1

1.4 Government

Pakistan is a democratic system of government with a bicameral Parliament consisting of a Senate and National Assembly. The Senate is indirectly elected by provincial assemblies to serve 4 year terms, while the National Assembly is elected by popular vote to serve 4 year terms. There are four provincial assemblies and a system of district governments. The head of state is the Prime Minister who is selected by the national Assembly for a 4 year term. The Cabinet is appointed by the Prime Minister. The President is elected by Parliament for a 5 year term.

1.5 National Social Welfare System

The social protection system in Pakistan includes old-age, invalidity and widow pensions and health care governed by the Employees Old-age Benefits Institution (EOBI) and Provincial Social Security Institutions. Being a federal subject , the old-age benefits provided by EOBI are regulated and administered at the federal level, whereas medical care is a provincial subject and is provided by the Employee' Social Security Institution of each Province under similar legislation.

Pension Plans

A large section of the population is not provided pension or old-age benefits. All government employees and their dependents, however, are entitled to life pension, widow pension and commutation of a portion of pension and free medical care. A small number of employees of registered industrial establishments or a commercial establishment have been covered under the EOBI scheme in 1979. The EOBI is funded by an employer contribution of 5% of wages and a limited Federal contribution and provides monetary benefits to its insured persons in their old-age, in the event of their becoming disabled/invalid owing to injuries/diseases. Survivor pension is also provided in the event of the death of an insured person to the widow for life.

Social Security System

The Social Security System provides protection against the economic and social distress that result in stoppage of or substantial reduction of earnings resulting from old age, employment injury, unemployment, invalidity, death or sickness.

The Social Security Scheme was launched in 1967 under the West Pakistan Employees' Social Security Ordinance of 1965 with the assistance of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The Social Security scheme which covers establishments employing 5 or more workers provides medical care facilities and cash benefits to the secured workers and their dependants. Secured workers are entitled for cash benefits in the event of sickness, employment injury, maternity and disablement pension whereas dependants are entitled for survivors pension and death grants. Workers drawing wages up to Rs. 3,000 per month or Rs. 120 per day and employed in registered establishments are liable to be covered under the Scheme in accordance with the provisions of the Social Security Ordinance.

The main source of income is the Social Security contribution. Employers covered under the Scheme contribute towards the Scheme at 7% of their wages paid to insurable workers. During the 1999-2000 fiscal year, the Punjab Employees Social Security Institution (PESSI) and the Sindh Employees Social Security Institution (SESSI) paid more than Rs. 1 billion to approximately 700,000 workers and 40,000 dependents.

1.6 Education Profile

Education System:

There are four distinct tiers within the education system in Pakistan. The four levels of education are: primary (grades 1-5); secondary (grades 6-10); higher secondary or intermediate (grades 11-12); and graduate and post-graduate or higher (grades 13-16).

Primary Education

Primary education in Pakistan ranges from grades 1 - 5. Under the current education policy 1998-2010, there is a big effort to universalize education at this level. It is envisioned that all children throughout the country aged 5-10 will receive at least a basic primary education. One effort in achieving this goal is through enforcing co-education, thereby alleviating some of the strain on the system. This is the only stage of education that males and females are educated together until university.

The language of instruction is Urdu or the regional language of the area. There are some "English" schools but these are mostly in the private sector. The primary level curriculum is primarily uniform throughout the country. Promotion from one grade to the other depends on in-house annual examinations.

Secondary Education

Secondary schooling consists of two well defined stages: middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-10). The age group covered by this stage is 11-18 year olds. There is a matriculation or secondary school certificate (S.S.C.) exam at the end of the 10th grade. The medium of instruction is Urdu except in "English" schools. The curriculum at this stage begins to be specialized.

Four compulsory subjects are taught at this level: Urdu, English, Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies with an additional four subjects as chosen by the student. Two distinguishing features of the secondary school curriculum are: 1) there is a strong re-orientation towards the sciences; 2) there is a diversification of the program so as to offer a large number of technical and vocational subjects.

Higher Secondary

Higher Secondary education comprises grades 11-12 and is also known as intermediate college level. This level leads to the intermediate exam or higher secondary certificate (H.S.C. formerly FA/FSC) which is the pre-requisite for entrance to university or an institution of higher education. English is the medium of instruction at this level, which has been problematic since most education to this point has either been conducted in Urdu or a regional language. This causes a great disparity between students coming from private English high schools and those coming from government schools. This disparity has solicited a change in most intermediate colleges which now have switched to Urdu as the medium of instruction.

Public exams for the secondary school and higher secondary school certificates are conducted by the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education at the end of grades 10 and 12 respectively.

University Education

Universities in Pakistan offer higher level degrees in general and professional education. Undergraduate studies for Bachelors degrees in arts and sciences require two years of study for completion. An honors bachelor degree takes three years. This distinction makes the difference in the length of time it takes to complete a Masters program.

Table 9

Number of Primary, Middle and High Schools 2001 - 2002
Type of School	Schools	(In 000's) Enrolment	Number of Teachers
Primary	149,085	17,529	414
Middle	26,790	3,821	230
High	15,051	1,574	270
Total	190,926	22,924	914

Source: Pakistan 2004 Statistical Pocketbook Federal Education Management Information System

Enrolment Ratios:

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) first level primary education overall enrolment rates were 72% as of 2002 while male and female enrolment rates were 83% and 61% respectively. Secondary level overall enrolment rates were 41% while male enrolment rates were 45% and female enrolment rates were 35%.

Public Expenditure on Education

Based on the 2003 - 2004 Federal Government Budget, allocations for education was targeted at 9.6 Billion Rupees (US$193 million), which comprises only 1.4% of the overall budget. It should be noted however that the Zakat Ordinance mandates that 2.5% of all declared fixed financial assets are extracted by the Government at the beginning of the month of Ramadan. Zakat funds are distributed through local committees which are used to fund (among various other social services) religious schools. Figures for education allocation from Zakat funds was not readily available for this report.

Literacy Rates

According to the Population Census Organization, the 1998 Census indicated a literacy rate for the total population of 43.9% with females having a significantly lower rate of 32%. Rural literacy was also recorded as much less than the national average at 33.6% with females only achieving a 20.1% literacy rate.

Table 10

Literacy Rates 1998 Census Aged 10 and above
	Urban	Rural	Total
Male	70.0	46.4	54.8
Female	55.2	20.1	32.0
Total	63.1	33.6	43.9

Source: Pakistan 2004 Statistical Pocket Book Population Census Organization

1.7 Health Profile

According to The World Health Organization (WHO) life expectancy at birth for the total population is 63.7 years for males and 63.4 years for females. Infant mortality per 1,000 live births is 82. According to the Health Division of Pakistan there were 906 hospitals in 2002 with over 101,500 registered physicians and over 44,500 registered nurses. Table 11 highlights other selected health facility indicators

Table 11

Selected Health Facility Indicators 2002
Type
Hospitals	906
Dispensaries	4,590
Maternity and Child H.C.	862
T.B. Clinics	285
Rural Health Centers	550
Basic Health Units and Sub H.C.	5,380
Beds in above Institutions	98,264
Registered Doctors	101,635
Registered Nurses	44,520
Midwives	23,084

Source: Pakistan 2004 Statistical Pocket Book Health Division

HIV/AIDS has not been a significant threat to Pakistan. It was estimated by the WHO that there is a prevalence rate of less than 1% in Pakistan with approximately 73,000 people living with HIV/AIDS in 2002. According to the Government of Pakistan there were 1,998 reported cases of HIV/AIDS in 2002. Based on the WHO estimates of people living with HIV/AIDS, deaths related to HIV/AIDS would have been approximately 3,500 in 2002.

1.8 Information Communication Technology

According to the National Telecommunication Corporation, as of the end of 2003, there were a total of 2,404,400 mobile phone subscribers. According to the Pakistan Software Export Board there were a total of 131 internet service providers in Pakistan at the end of 2003, with an estimated 6,000 internet users. The internet code for Pakistan is .pk.

Study in Pakistan

2009-10-27T03:29:00.000-07:00

Pakistani Universities and Colleges - Pakistan Higher Education

Resources and links about Pakistan

Prime Minister's Residence -

Total Area...................................................................310,410 sq. mi.
Poverty (% of population below national poverty line)...... 34
Urban population (% of total population) ...............................35
Life expectancy at birth (years).....................................................62
Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births).......................................95
Child malnutrition (% of children under 5) ............................38
Access to safe water (% of population) .....................................62
Illiteracy (% of population age 15+) ........................................59

As of 2003/04, only 2.9% of Pakistanis were enrolled in higher education^[11], this increased to 4.0% in 2008 (5.1% for Males & 2.8% for Females)^[12] and furthermore to 4.7% in 2009.^[4]^[4] Pakistan plans to increase this figure to 10% by 2015 and subsequently to 15% by 2020. Students can then proceed to a College or University for Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Science (BSc) or Commerce/Business Administration (BCom/BBA) degree courses. There are two types of Bachelor courses in Pakistan namely Pass or Honours. Pass constitutes two years of study and students normally read three optional subjects (such as Chemistry, Mathematics, Economics, Statistics) in addition to almost equal number of compulsory subjects (such as English, Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies) whereas Honours are three or four years and students normally specialize in a chosen field of study such as Biochemistry (BSc Hons. Biochemistry). It is important to note that Pass Bachelors is now slowly being phased out for Honours throughout the country. Students may also after earning their HSSC may study for professional Bachelor degree courses such as engineering (B Engg), medicine (MBBS), vetrinary medicine(DVM) law (LLB), agriculture (B Agri), architecture (B Arch), nursing (B Nurs) etc. which are of four or five years duration depending on the degree.Further after passing the diploma of associate engineer(3-Year study after SSC)can take in admission in B.Tech engineering.B.Tech(Hon's) degree consists of four years.

Some Masters Degrees also consist of 1.5 years. Then there are PhD Education as well in selected areas. One has to choose specific field and the suitable university doing research work in that field. PhD in Pakistan consists of minimum 3-5 years.

Pakistani universities churn out almost 1.2 million skilled graduates annually. The government has announced a $1 billion spending plan over the next decade to build 6 state-of-the-art science and engineering universities. The scheme would be overseen by the Higher Education Commission.

[edit] Criticism

An issue of National Geographic conveys the adversity poor families must face. Some schools are run so badly that few kids attend.

“

It's not unusual in Pakistan to hear of public schools that receive no books, no supplies, and no subsidies from the government. Thousands more are 'ghost schools' that exist only on paper, to line the pockets of phantom teachers and administrators."

”

--National Geographic: Struggle for the Soul of Pakistan, Don Belt^[13]

[edit] Criticisms of Higher Education

Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy who is a well-known Pakistani nuclear physicist, Professor of High Energy Physics and the head of the Physics Department at Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad has heavily criticised the state of many Pakistani universities as well as the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, which is the regulatory body as well as the main source of funding of Higher Education in the country.

In June 2005, the Higher Education Commission announced that it will be purchasing a MeV tandem Van de Graaf accelerators for $3 million and will establish these accelerators at various public universities in Pakistan. This was immediately slammed by Pervez Hoodbhoy and described the purchase as "absolute nonsense." Such Van de Graaf machines were the mainstay of research in physics over 70 years ago. Pervez Hoodbhoy said "They are useless for cutting edge science research today. They are, at best, museum pieces."

Dr. Hoodbhoy also believes that expensive scientific equipment, bought for research, often ends up locked away in campuses. He deeply criticized the government for spending too much money on scientific equipments rather than spending money on training of Pakistan's scientists. He also said that "the Government should stop all useless, sometimes fraudulent, research projects and stop encouraging the award of worthless PhD's." During the same time, a Pelletron accelerator was installed at Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad by a team of Americans from the National Electrostatics Corporation that flew in from Wisconsin. Once it was there and fully operational, nobody, including the university director, had the slightest idea of what research to do with it.

Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy wrote about this in his article: "Its original proponents are curiously lacking in enthusiasm and are quietly seeking to distance themselves from the project." In his article, Dr. Hoodbhoy claimed that basic academic values are missing, and there is casual acceptance of abysmal ethical behavior such as cheating, lying, and plagiarism by faculty and students. Resources are wasted on an epic scale. And, the Government, as well as the Higher Education Commission whirlwind is making all of these problems worse. He also advised the HEC that it should spend more money to motivate students, train more teachers and establish more high-standard universities rather than heavily funding money on 'so-called' Particle Accelerators.

[edit] Gender Disparity

Among other criticisms the Pakistani education system faces is the gender disparity in enrollment levels. However, in recent years some progress has been made in trying to fix this problem. In 1990-91, the female to male ratio (F/M ratio) of enrolment was 0.47 for primary level of education. It reached to 0.74 in 1999-2000, so the F/M ratio has improved by 57.44 percent within the decade. For the middle level of education it was 0.42 in the start of decade and increased to 0.68 by the end of decade, so it has improved almost 62 percent. In both cases the gender disparity is decreased but relatively more rapidly at middle level. But for whole of the decade the gender disparity remained relatively high at middle level, despite the fact that for the duration the F/M ratio for teachers and F/M ratio of educational institutions at the middle level remained better than at the primary level.^[14]

The gender disparity in enrolment at secondary level of education was 0.4 in 1990-91 was 0.67 percent in 1999-2000, so the disparity has decreased by 67.5 percent in the decade or at the average rate of 6.75 percent annually. At the college level it was 0.50 in 1990-91 and it reached 0.81 in 1999-2000, so gender disparity decreased by 64 percent with an annual rate of 6.4 percent. The gender disparity has decreased comparatively rapidly at secondary school. The gender disparity in educational institutions at the secondary level of education was changed from 0.36 in 1990-91 to 0.52 in 1999-2000 with a 44 percent change. The same type of disparity at the college level was 0.56 in 1990-91 and reached at 0.64 in 1999-2000 with 14 percent change in the decade. The disparity at the college level has improved much less than that at the secondary level.^[14]

However, the gender disparity is affected by the Taliban enforcement of a complete ban on female education in the Swat district, as reported in a January 21, 2009 issue of the Pakistan daily newspaper The News. Some 400 private schools enrolling 40,000 girls have been shut down. At least 10 girls' schools that tried to open after the January 15, 2009 deadline by the Taliban were blown up by the militants in the town of Mingora, the headquarters of the Swat district.^[15] "More than 170 schools have been bombed or torched, along with other government-owned buildings."^[15]

[edit] Spending on Education

As a percentage of GDP, Pakistan spends only 2% of it on Education.^[4] However, the government recently approved the new national education policy, which would result in education being allocated 7% of the GDP. ^[4] An idea, first suggested by the Punjab Government.^[16] The government plans to raise the literacy rate to 85% by 2015.^[4] In accordance with the target set by the Millennium Development Goals for Pakistan.

[edit] Universities in the World Top 1000

During 1947-2003, not a single university in Pakistan could be ranked among the top 600 of the world, but today three Pakistani universities belong to this prestigious group, with the National University of Science and Technology at No 376 (Times, Higher Education, UK rankings)^[17]

[edit] Statistics

[edit] Literacy Since 1947

Literacy Rate - Pakistan, Sources:^[18]^[12]

Definition:^[19]

Islamia College University Peshawar

Aitchson College, Lahore

a) 1951 Census: One who can read a clear print in any language. 16.4%

b) 1961 Census: One who is able to read with understanding a simple letter in any language. 16.3%

c) 1972 Census: One who is able to read and write in some language with understanding. 21.7%

d) 1981 Census: One who can read newspaper and write a simple letter 26.2%

e) 1998 Census: One who can read a newspaper and write a simple letter, in any language. 43.9%

The present (2008) projected literacy rate for Pakistan is 56% (male 69% : female 44%)^[20]

[edit] Literacy by Province (1972 to Present)

[edit] 1972

Province	Literacy Rate
Punjab	20.7%
Sindh	30.2%
NWFP	15.5%
Balochistan	10.1%

[edit] 1981

Province	Literacy Rate
Punjab	27.4%
Sindh	31.5%
NWFP	16.7%
Balochistan	10.3%

[edit] 1998

Province	Literacy Rate
Punjab	46.56%
Sindh	45.29%
NWFP	35.41%
Balochistan	26.6%

[edit] 2008

Province	Literacy Rate
Punjab	57.7%^[1]
Sindh	57.7%^[1]
NWFP	49.9%^[1]
Balochistan	48.8%^[1]

Azad Kashmir had a literacy rate of 62% back in 2004. Higher than any other region in Pakistan. Out of 62% about 55.47% were people at the age of 10 or a little above of it, 70.52% were male and 40.46% were female.^[21] However, only 2.2% were graduates compared to the average of 2.9% for the whole of Pakistan in 2004.^[22]

[edit] School attendance

Population aged 10 & over that has ever attended school, highest and lowest figures by region. Islamabad has the highest rate in the country at 85%, whilst Jhal Magsi has the lowest rate at 20%.

Region	Highest	Lowest
Punjab	Rawalpindi (77%)	Muzaffargarh & Rajanpur (40%)
Sindh	Karachi (78%)	Jacobabad (34%)
NWFP	Abbottabad (67%)	Upper Dir (34%)
Balochistan	Quetta (64%)	Jhal Magsi (20%)

Source: ^[23]

Literacy rate of Pakistani districts (2006)^[24]^[25]
Rank	District	Province	Literacy rate	Rank	District	Province	Literacy rate
1	Islamabad	Capital Territory	72.38%	11	Gujranwala	Punjab	56.55%
2	Rawalpindi	Punjab	70.45%	12	Haripur	North-West Frontier	53.72%
3	Karachi	Sindh	65.26%	13	Narowal	Punjab	52.65%
4	Lahore	Punjab	64.66%	14	Faisalabad	Punjab	51.94%
5	Jhelum	Punjab	63.92%	15	Toba Tek Singh	Punjab	50.50%
6	Gujrat	Punjab	62.18%	16	Attock	Punjab	49.27%
7	Sialkot	Punjab	58.92%	17	Mandi Bahauddin	Punjab	47.44%
8	Quetta	Balochistan	57.07%	18	Sukkur	Sindh	46.62%
9	Chakwal	Punjab	56.72%	19	Sargodha	Punjab	46.30%
10	Abbottabad	North-West Frontier	56.61%	20	Hyderabad	Sindh	44.25%

Pakistan Airforce Planes & Missiles

2009-10-27T03:24:00.000-07:00

Pakistan

Pakistan Fiza'ya
Pakistan Air Force - PAF

F-16 Airforces

Introduction

PAF F-16A block 15 #84705 showing off the typical Pakistani camouflage scheme.

Pakistan has ordered a total of 111 F-16A/B aircraft. Of these, 71 were embargoed by the US due to Pakistan's nuclear weapons program. Of these 71, 28 were actually built but were flown directly to the AMARC at Davis-Monthan AFB for storage.

Over the years, various plans were conceived for these 28 aircraft: Pakistan wanted to get the aircraft or their money back; they were offered to various nations, none of which were interested; ultimately, the US Navy and USAF entered them into service as aggressor aircraft.

After Pakistan's help in the war on terror, the US lifted the embargo. In 2005, Pakistan requested 24 new Block 50/52 F-16C/Ds (with option for as much as 55 aircraft). Ultimately an order for 18 F-16s was placed with an option on another 18.

Inventory

Peace Gate I

Pakistani F-16A #82702 over the Indus river, near Attock. Note the standard PAF F-16 color scheme.

In December 1981, the government of Pakistan signed a letter of agreement for the purchase of up to 40 F-16A/B (28 F-16A and 12 F-16B) fighters for the Pakistan Fiza'ya (Pakistan Air Force, or PAF). The deal would be split into two batches, one of 6 aircraft and the other of 34. The first aircraft were accepted at Fort Worth in October of 1982, and the first F-16, flown by Squadron Leader Shahid Javed, landed in Pakistan at Sargodha Air Base on January 15th, 1983 as part of a package of 6 'Peace Gate I' aircraft (2 A's and 4 B's).

Peace Gate II

The remaining 34 aircraft were delivered under Peace Gate II. The Pakistani F-16A/B's are all Block 15 aircraft, the final version of the F-16A/B production run, and are powered by the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-200 turbofan. All 40 'Peace Gate I & II' aircraft were delivered between 1983 and 1987. By 1997, 8 aircraft of the initial Peace Gate I & II order have been written off in various mishaps, hence 32 remain in service and despite the embargo, caused by the Pakistan-specific Pressler Amendment (see below), are being fully supported by commercial contracts.

The F-16s were assigned USAF serial numbers for record-keeping purposes, and carry a three-digit PAF serial number on their noses; the F-16A's being assigned numbers in sequence beginning with 701, and the F-16B's being assigned numbers beginning with 601. The two digit prefix preceding these numbers is the year of delivery of these aircraft. The PAF Falcons have a slightly altered color scheme, with the dark gray area covering most of the wings and the aft part of the horizontal tailplanes and carry toned-down markings: the national flag (normally a white moon and star on green field) on the tail and roundels on the upper wing surface.

Peace Gate III

Seven years after the first order, in December of 1988, Pakistan ordered 11 additional F-16A/B Block 15 OCU (Operational Capability Upgrade) aircraft (6 Alpha and 5 Bravo models) under the Peace Gate III program. These aircraft were purchased as attrition replacements and fully paid for, but are still awaiting delivery in the Arizona Desert. The reason for this is that Pakistan got involved in a controversy with the United States over its suspected nuclear weapons capability. Intelligence information reaching US authorities indicated that Pakistan was actively working on a nuclear bomb, had received a design for a bomb from China, had tested a nuclear trigger and was actively producing weapons-grade uranium. Furthermore, the F-16A's of no 9 and 11 squadrons at Sargodha AB have allegedly been modified to carry and deliver a Pakistani nuclear weapon. In addition, Pakistan has steadfastly refused to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

As a result, in accordance to the Pressler amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act, which forbids military aid to any nation possessing a nuclear explosive device, the United States government announced on October 6th, 1990 that it had embargoed further arms deliveries to Pakistan. The 11 Peace Gate III aircraft were consequently stored at AMARC (Aircraft Maintenance and Regeneration Center) at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona, also known as the Boneyard. There, they were put in 'Flyable Hold' for 5 years, during which time 85% of each aircraft's fuel system was preserved with JP-9, and each aircraft had its engine run once every 45 days. This resulted in the curious situation that most of those aircraft now have more engine run time than air time, the latter being only 6 hours. This low air-time figure, plus the fact that these aircraft are the most modern F-16A/B's built, is the main reason why countries interested in second-hand F-16s first look at the Pakistani airframes.

Peace Gate IV

In September of 1989, plans were announced by Pakistan to acquire 60 more F-16A/B's. A contract was signed in the same year under the Peace Gate IV Foreign Military Sales Programs, for the delivery of 60 F-16s for US $1.4 billion or approximately US $23 million a piece. By March of 1994, 11 of these planes had been built and were directly flown into the Sonoran desert where they joined the 11 Peace Gate III aircraft in storage. A further six aircraft were stored by the end of 1994, so that a total of 17 aircraft (7 F-16A's and 10 F-16B's) of the Peace Gate IV order are now stored. A stop-work order affected the remaining 43 planes of the Peace Gate IV contract.

The Brown amendment later eased the restrictions on weapon exports to Pakistan, but specifically excluded the F-16s from this release. Pakistan had already paid $685 million on the contract for the first 28 F-16s (11 Peace Gate III and 17 Peace Gate IV), and insisted on either having the planes it ordered delivered or getting its money back.

The saga of the embargoed F-16s

One of the Pakistan AF F-16s stored at Davis-Monthan AFB. This particular airframe was selected for closer inspection by the RNZAF while considering purchasing the PAF F-16s

In March 1996, nine aircraft out of those which had already been manufactured for Pakistan, were sold to Indonesia. However, Indonesia cancelled this order on June 2nd, 1997. This 'unexpected' trouble with the Indonesian F-16 deal means a bigger problem to the Clinton administration both with respect to Pakistan and Indonesia. President Clinton had pledged to the Pakistan Prime Minister, Ms. Benazir Bhutto, that the money paid for the F-16s by Islamabad would be reimbursed if the equipment could not be delivered. In trying to come to terms with Islamabad's demand that Washington would return the money, the Clinton administration went on to see if the planes could be sold to a third country and the proceeds transferred. Interested buyers included amongst others the Republic of China.

At the end of 1997, with chances of finding a buyer close to zero, it was decided to take the PAF F-16s out of flyable hold and into the Boneyard. The airframes were offered to the Philippine Air Force, in view of its modernization plans. However, lack of funds precluded this deal as well.

In May 1998, a rumor suggested that the 28 Pakistani AF F-16A/B aircraft stored at the AMARC could possibly be donated to the Air Force of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a part of the US led 'Train & Equip' program. As Pakistan is already taking part in this program (training Bosnian Army Anti-tank missile teams), this is a solution that could satisfy both sides in this long dispute. Again, this proved to be not viable.

After the detonation of five nuclear devices by India in May 1998, in a remote area close to its border with Pakistan, Washington feared that this might escalate the old border dispute between Pakistan and India to a full crisis. In order to keep Pakistan from responding to this challenge, US president Bill Clinton suggested that the 28 stored F-16s would be delivered after all, in batches of 1 or 2. However, the internal pressure on the government proved to strong and shortly after India's demonstration, Pakistan responded by detonating an unknown number of nuclear devices.

Finally, on December 1st, 1998, the New Zealand Government announced that it would lease-buy the 28 Pakistani F-16s stored at the AMARC. Three days later, the United States said they hoped for an 'early and fair' agreement on how to compensate Islamabad for its aborted purchase of US F-16 fighters. President Clinton briefed Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on US efforts to compensate Pakistan for the $658 million it paid for the 28 F-16s. US officials said the United States has already paid $157 million of this back to Islamabad, raising the money by selling aircraft components to other countries. New Zealand agreed to pay some $105 million over 10 years to lease the fighters, providing additional funds that could be used to give Pakistan some of its money back.

At the end of 1998, the United States announced it would pay Pakistan $326.9 million in cash and up to $140 million in other compensation to settle the eight-year dispute. The $140 million will include about $60 million in US white wheat that Pakistan will receive during the current US fiscal year, which began on October 1st. The remaining $80 million in compensation will be negotiated by the two sides. The F-16 issue has been a headache for Pakistan, which is grappling to repay millions of dollars on its $32 billion in foreign debt amid a hard currency drought caused by sanctions and the suspension of International Monetary Fund programs.

In 1999 a new New Zealand government was elected who started a major reorganisation of the armed forces. One major element in this was the cancellation of the F-16 contract and the disbandment of its fighter force. The planes stayed in the boneyard for just a little longer.

In 2002, the US finally stopped trying to sell the aircraft and decided to assign them to the USAF and US Navy to fill the Aggressor role. After the demise of the (T)F-16N aggressor force, the US Navy lacked a high-performance aggressor aircraft. Because of the low airframe life of the embargoed Pakistani F-16s, these airframes were ideally suited for the demanding aggressor role. The 28 aircraft were thus evenly split between the USAF and the US Navy, and will take a vital role in DACT training of US forces.

After the attacks on 9/11 the Pakistani government became a major US ally in the war on terror. It was decided to redeliver those aircraft to Pakistan. Untill now, only half of them has been redelivered, with the remainder still to follow.

Peace Drive

On March 25th, 2005, the US Government announced that it had agreed to Pakistan's request to sell new F-16s. Initially, Pakistan has requested an additional 24 new Block 50/52 F-16C/Ds (with option for as much as 55 aircraft). Not much details are known at this moment about a possible sale of the aircraft to Pakistan. The deal is expected to be concluded by September or October of 2005. As part of the package, it was also agreed that the current fleet of older A/B models would get the MLU update.

As a sign of good gesture, the US agreed to supply Pakistan with a number of F-16s who where build under the Peace Gate III/IV programs.

Finally, after long series of negotiations, on September 30th, 2006 the contract was signed between the Pakistani and US government for the acquisition of 18 new F-16C/D block 52 aircraft and an option for another 18 more. In the deal the re-delivery of the 26 remaining Peace Gate III/IV aircraft was also agreed and the upgrade of those aircraft - and the remaining F-16A/B fleet - to MLU standards.

This order was granted and given a new FMS name at Pakistan's request. Albeit it already had the Peace Gate program, the PAF decided to choose another name since Peace Gate had too much negative commotion since the embargo of the last batch of aircraft.

*PAF Inventory*
Program	Model	Block	Qty.	Serials	Delivered
Peace Gate I	F-16A	Block 15	2	82701/82702	1983
Peace Gate I	F-16B	Block 15	4	82601/82604	1983
Peace Gate II	F-16A	Block 15	26	83703, 84704/84719, 85720/85728	1983-1987
Peace Gate II	F-16B	Block 15	8	82605, 84606/84608, 85609/85612	1983-1987
Peace Gate III	F-16A	Block 15OCU	6	91729, 92730/92734	embargoed
Peace Gate III	F-16B	Block 15OCU	5	91613, 92614/92617	embargoed
Peace Gate IV	F-16A	Block 15OCU	7	92735/92739, 93740/93741	embargoed
	F-16B	Block 15OCU	10	92618, 93619/93621, 94622/94624, 95625/95627	embargoed
	F-16A	Block 15OCU	41	9_742/9_782	stop-work
	F-16B	Block 15OCU	2	9_628/9_629	stop-work
Peace Drive	F-16C	Block 52	12	?	2009-2010
Peace Drive	F-16D	Block 52	6	?	2009-2010
Option	F-16C/D	Block 52	18	?	2009-2010

Modifications & Armament

Modifications

The Pakistan Air Force currently has the Block 15 F-16A/B model in operation, which has an upgraded APG-66 radar that brings it close to the MLU (Mid-life Update) radar technology. The main advantage is the ability to use the AIM-7 Sparrow and AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles if they were ever to be released to the PAF. Furthermore, the radar is capable of sorting out tight formations of aircraft and has a 15%-20% range increase over previous models. All the earlier F-16s were brought up to OCU standards and have received the Falcon UP structural modification package.

Armament

Pakistani F-16A with Thompson Atlis II laser designator pod on the 5L chin station, and two Paveway LGBs

Currently, Pakistani F-16s typically carry two all-aspect AIM-9L Sidewinders on the wing tip rails along with a pair of AIM-9P-4's on the outermost underwing racks, while the Matra Magic 2 (French counterpart of the Sidewinder) can be carried as well. They also have an important strike role, being capable to deliver Paveway laser-guided bombs. Pakistani F-16s are also capable of firing the French AS-30 laser guided missile. The ALQ-131 pod is carried as ECM protection.

Atlis laser designation pod

Pakistan has acquired the French-built Thompson-CSF ATLIS laser designation pod for use on its F-16s. The ATLIS pod was first fitted to Pakistani F-16s in January 1986, thus making the F-16 the first non-European aircraft to be qualified for this pod.

Operational Service

Units

Please refer to the F-16 Units section for an overview of units.

Deployments

Combat

Pakistan was the second nation (after Israel) to use the F-16 in combat. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 in support of the pro-Soviet government in Kabul, which was being hard-pressed by Mujahadeen rebel forces, marked the start of a decade-long occupation. Mujahadeen rebels continued to harass the occupying Soviet military force as well as the forces of the Afghan regime that it was supporting. The war soon spilled over into neighboring Pakistan, with a horde of refugees fleeing to camps across the border in an attempt to escape the conflict. In addition, many of the rebels used Pakistan as a sanctuary from which to carry out forays into Afghanistan, and a steady flow of US-supplied arms were carried into Afghanistan from staging areas in Pakistan near the border. This inevitably resulted in border violations by Soviet and Afghan aircraft attempting to interdict these operations.

Between May 1986 and November of 1988, PAF F-16s have shot down at least eight intruders from Afghanistan. The first three of these (one Su-22, one probable Su-22, and one An-26) were shot down by two pilots from No. 9 Squadron. Pilots of No. 14 Squadron destroyed the remaining five intruders (two Su-22s, two MiG-23s, and one Su-25). Most of these kills were by the AIM-9 Sidewinder, but at least one (a Su-22) was destroyed by cannon fire. Flight Lieutenant Khalid Mamood is credited with three of these kills. At least one F-16 was lost in these battles, this one in an encounter between two F-16s and six Afghan Air Force aircraft on April 29th, 1987. However, the lost F-16 appears to have been an 'own goal', having been hit by a Sidewinder fired by the other F-16. The unfortunate F-16 pilot (Flight Lieutenant Shahid Sikandar Khan) ejected safely.

	AGM-65 Maverick Air-to-ground missile
	AGM-84 Harpoon Anti-ship missile
	AIM-120 AMRAAM Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
	AIM-7 Sparrow Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
	AIM-9 Sidewinder Short Range Air-to-Air Missile
	AN/AAQ-13 & AN/AAQ-14 LANTIRN Navigation & Targeting Pod
	GBU-31 and GBU-38 JDAM Joint Direct Attack Munition
	M61 A1 Vulcan 20mm gatling gun system
	Other Armament
	US Tri-Service Designation System Electronic Equipment
	US Tri-Service Designation System Guided Missiles

Pakistan air force Heros 1965

2009-10-27T03:16:00.000-07:00

Heros Of 1961 War Between INDIA AND PAKISTAN

	Alauddin Ahmed Sitara-i-Jurrat Squadron Leader Alauddin Ahmed, led his squadron in twenty combat missions against the Indian ground and air forces. His leadership throughout the operations was cool, courageous and most determined which inspired the greatest confidence amongst pilots of his formations and resulted in destruction of many Indian tanks and vehicles. In his last sortie, he attacked and blew up an important ammunition train at Gurdaspur rail-head in complete disregard to his personal safety. During this attack on September 13, his aircraft was damaged and was reported missing over enemy territory. Subsequently, it was confirmed that the officer died in this action. For his exemplary leadership, courage and valour, Squadron Leader Alauddin Ahmed was awarded Sitara-i-Juraat.
	M A Qureshi
	M S A Siddiqui
	Muhammad Iqbal Sitara-i-Jurrat Squadron Leader Muhammad Iqbal flew many operational missions which played a vital part in the success of the Pakistan Air Force during the India-Pakistan war. He carried out these missions with determination, enthusiasm, outstanding ability and at great personal risk. His performance, throughout, was exemplary and highly inspiring for the personnel under his command. For his outstanding leadership, valour, loyalty and invaluable services to the Pakistan Air Force and the country, he was awarded Sitara-i-Juraat.
	Munir Ahmed Sitara-i-Jurrat During the war a high-powered heavily defended radar station near Amritsar was attacked repeatedly by PAF fighters. In all these missions, Squadron Leader Munir unhesitantly volunteered to fly without regard for his personal safety, exposed himself to intense ack ack fire for long periods in attempts to locate and destroy the target. In the final successful attack on September 11, he made the supreme sacrifice when his aircraft was hit. Before his last sortie, Munir flew eight combat missions and shot down an IAF Gnat on September 10. For displaying courage and determination in the face of heavy odds and beyond the call of duty, Squadron Leader Munir-ud-Din Ahmed was awarded Sitara-i-Juraat.
	Sarfraz Ahmed Rafiqui Hilal-i-Jurrat On 6th September, 1965, Squadron Leader Sarfaraz Ahmed Rafiqui led a formation of three F-86 aircraft on a strike against Halwara airfield. Soon after crossing the Indian border Squadron Leader Rafiqui had been warned about a large number of enemy interceptors being in the air by the leader of a returning F-86 formation. He, however, continued his mission single-mindedly. On the way back, the formation was intercepted by about ten Hunter aircraft out of which Squadron Leader Rafiqui accounted for one in the first few seconds. After Squadron Leader Rafiqui shot down one Hunter aircraft, his guns jammed due to a defect and stopped firing upon which he refused to leave the battle area as he would have been perfectly justified to do; he, instead ordered his No. 2 to take over as leader and continue the engagement with the enemy. He himself now took up a defensive position in the formation in an attempt to give it as much protection as was possible by continuing fighting maneuvers in unarmed aircraft whilst the remainder proceeded to give battle to the enemy. This called for a quality of courage and dedication on the part of Squadron Leader Rafiqui equal to the best in the history of air-fighting. The end for him was never in doubt. He chose to disregard it and in the process, his aircraft was shot down and he was killed but not without his action enabling his formation to shoot down three more Hunter aircraft. Squadron Leader Rafiqui thus provided exemplary leadership in battle and displayed outstanding courage in the face of exceptionally strong opposition. His inspiring leadership and selfless example significantly affected the subsequent course of the air war in which the P.A.F. never failed to dictate terms to an overwhelmingly larger and better equipped enemy. Squadron Leader Rafiqui's conduct was clearly beyond the call of duty and conformed to the highest tradition of leadership and bravery in battle against overwhelming odds. For this and his earlier exploits, he is posthumously awarded Hilal-i-Juraat.

Pakistan Leaders (Quaid-e-Azam, Allama Iqbal, Ch. Rehmat Ali)

2009-10-27T01:16:00.000-07:00

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan
(1876-1948)

"Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three."

Stanley Wolpert

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan was born in Karachi on December 25th, 1876. He got his early education at Karachi and at the age of 16 he went to England for further studies. In 1896, Jinnah qualified for the Bar and in 1897 was called to the Bar. It was his struggle that despite stiff opposition from the Hindu Congress and the British Govt., Muslims of Sub continent managed to get their own home land on August 14, 1947. Jinnah was a man of principles. He was probably the only person among all the big leaders of the world, who never went to jail. He was the first Governor General of Pakistan.

His motto was Unity, Faith and Discipline.

Allama Iqbal a great Muslim poet and philosopher
(1877-1938)

Allama Iqbal (1877-1938)

Allama Iqbal, a great poet-philosopher and an active political leader was born in 1877 in Sialkot. He obtained Bachelor of Arts Degree from the Government College Lahore. Later he proceeded to Europe for higher studies and did his doctorate at Munich and finally he was able to qualify as a barrister. In 1908, on returning to India, besides teaching and practicing Law, Iqbal continued to write poetry. He resigned from the Government service in 1911 and took to the propagation of his individual thinking to the Muslims through his poetry (Ths Story of Pakistan).

Chaudhary Rahmat Ali
(1895-1951)

Chaudhary Rahmat Ali (1895-1951)

M.A. and L.L.B. with honors from the universities of Cambridge and Dublin. It was during the years 1930 and 1933 that he seemed to have established "The Pakistan National Movement" with its headquarters in Cambridge. On January 28, 1933 he issued his first memorable pamphlet "Now or never, Are we to live or perish for ever ?" He was the first to coin the word "Pakistan" (The Story of Pakistan).

Facts About Pakistan

National Language: Urdu

Religion: Islam

Total Area: 796,096 sq. km.

Monetary Unit: Rupee

Population: 140 million (estimated)

National Flower: Jasmine

National Game: Hockey

Provinces: Baluchistan, NWFP, Punjab
and Sind

Literacy Rate: 39%

Pakistan Zindabad

Pakistan Picture Gallery

2009-10-27T01:00:00.000-07:00

Gwadar

Islamabad

Islamabad Secretariate Complex

Secretariate
(Presidency in the background)

Blue Area, Islamabad

Islamabad

Mazar-e-Quaid
(Mausoleum of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah)
Built entirely of white marble

Mazar-e-Quaid

Karachi

Sunset at Clifton Beach, Karachi

Karachi

Karachi Port Trust building with Kemari over head bridge

Karachi

Kemari over head bridge

Habib Bank (Karachi)

New flyover, Lahore

Race Course Park (Lahore)

Mustard fields, Mianwali

Tooba Mosque (Karachi)

Bab-el-Khyber at Jamrud

Badshahi Mosque

Kamran's Baradari (Lahore)

Derawar Fort (Cholistan Desert)

Liaquat Hall (Frere Hall)
Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi

Hiran Minar (Sheikhupura)

Islamia College Peshawar

Jinnah House Museum (Karachi)

Minar-e-Pakistan (Tower of Pakistan)

Rhotas Fort near Jhelum

Shahi Qila (Lahore Fort)

Shalamar Garden

Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1642

Shalamar Garden

Built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1642

Shish Mahal (Lahore Fort)

Takhat Bhai

Buddhist Monastery Takhat Bhai 15 kms from Mardan

Tomb of Bibi Jawindi in Uch, Punjab

Ancient tomb of Bibi Jawindi built in the city of Uch Sharif in 149

Tomb of Bibi Jawindi in Uch, Punjab

Ancient tomb of Bibi Jawindi built in the city of Uch Sharif in 1494

Ziarat Residency in Baluchistan where Quaid-e-Azam spent the last days of his life.

Mountains In Pakistan

2009-10-27T00:34:00.000-07:00

K2, the 2nd highest in the world

Broad Peak, the 12th highest in the world

Pakistan is home to 108 peaks above 7,000 metres. ^[1] and probably as many peaks above 6,000 m. There is no count of the peaks above 5,000 and 4,000 m. Five of the 14 highest independent peaks in the world (the eight-thousanders) are in Pakistan (four of which lie in the surroundings of Concordia; the confluence of Baltoro Glacier and Godwin Austen Glacier). Most of the highest peaks in Pakistan lie in Karakoram range (which lies almost entirely in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan, and is considered to be a part of the greater Himalayan range) but some peaks above 7,000

MOUNTAINS
Baltoro Glacier	Karakoram 1	K2 (2)	Nanga Parbat 3
Banak Pass	Karakoram 2	K2 (3)	Nanga Parbat 4
Falaksair Peak	Korambar Glacier 1	K2 (4)	Raka Posh Nagar
Gasherbru-II	Korambar Glacier 2	Mustagh Tower	Rakaposhi Peak
Ghoglisa Peak	Khyber Pass	Nanga Parbat 1	Trango Tower
Khunjerab Pass	K2 (1)	Nanga Parbat 2	Trekking in Kaghan

SUB SY PEHLY PAKISTAN

List of companies of Pakistan

Publicly Traded Companies

Automobile assembler

Chemical

Banks

Engineering consultants

Fertilizer

Fashion

Food and personal care products

Glass and UMT

Insurance

Investment Banks and Stockbrokers

Leather Garments Manufacturing units and Tanneries

Media Monitoring And Research

Oil and Gas exploration

Oil and Gas marketing

Oil refineries

Pharmaceuticals

Power generation and Power distribution

Sugar and Allied Industries

Synthetic fiber and Rayon

Telecommunication and IT/Technology

Textile Composite

Textile Processing

Textile Spinning

Textile Weaving

Tobacco

Transport

Vanaspati and Allied Industries

Woollen

Others

Privately held companies

Education

Fashion Labels (Brands)

Engineering Consultants

Mineral Water Bottlers

Oil & Gas Services Companies

Marketing Agencies

Real Estate Sector

Software Consultants

Transportation

Miscellaneous

Major Pakistani Business Groups / Alliances

The Story of Pakistan in 30 Amazing Pictures

Proud to b Pakistani

Proud to be a Pakistani (Amazing Facts about Pakistan)

PAK CHINA RELATIONS

Pakistan Foods

Introduction About Pakistan

.1 Introduction

1.2 Geography

1.3 Socio-economic Profile

Demographics

Population

Labor Force

Poverty Levels:

Budget

Imports

Exports

1.4 Government

1.5 National Social Welfare System

Pension Plans

Social Security System

1.6 Education Profile

Education System:

Primary Education

Secondary Education

Higher Secondary

University Education

Enrolment Ratios:

Public Expenditure on Education

Literacy Rates

1.7 Health Profile

1.8 Information Communication Technology

Study in Pakistan

[edit] Criticism

[edit] Criticisms of Higher Education

[edit] Gender Disparity

[edit] Spending on Education

Pakistan Fiza'ya
Pakistan Air Force - PAF